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While dogs and cats are usually well-prepared to give birth on their own, there are times when you'll need to don your midwife's hat and lend a hand.
Sometimes, for example, the puppy or kitten will come only halfway out, despite the mother's persistent straining. When that happens, you may need to assist the birth, says Victor M. Shille, D.V.M., Ph.D., professor emeritus of theriogenology at the University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine in Gainesville and editor of the veterinary journal Theriogenology.
While someone holds your pet's head to prevent her from lashing out, gently grasp the young one with a clean towel and pull firmly. If it doesn't slide out quickly and easily, stop pulling and call your veterinarian immediately, Dr. Shille says.
Once a puppy or kitten is born, the mother will usually instinctively tear off the amniotic sac (if it's still covering the body), sever the umbilical cord and roughly lick the baby to stimulate its breathing and circulation. But if she hasn't taken action within about 30 seconds, it's probably time for you to step in.